Causes and early signs of breast cancer

While the exact causes of breast cancer remain unknown, several risk factors can increase the likelihood of developing it.

These can be broadly categorized into two groups:

Non-modifiable risk factors:

• Being female: Women are significantly more likely to develop breast cancer than men.
• Age: The risk of breast cancer increases with age, with most cases diagnosed after age 50.
• Genetics: Mutations in certain genes, particularly BRCA1 and BRCA2, can significantly increase the risk of breast and ovarian cancer.
• Family history: A family history of breast cancer, especially in close relatives, can increase your risk.
• Dense breasts: Breasts with more connective tissue and less fatty tissue might be harder to screen for tumors with mammograms.
• Personal history of breast conditions: Certain benign breast conditions, like atypical hyperplasia, can increase the risk of breast cancer.

Modifiable risk factors:

• Hormonal factors:
  • Early menstruation (before age 12) or late menopause (after age 55) exposes individuals to estrogen for longer periods, potentially increasing risk.
  • Hormone replacement therapy (HRT) can slightly increase the risk in some women.
• Lifestyle factors:
  • Lack of physical activity and obesity, particularly after menopause, are associated with a higher risk.
  • Excessive alcohol consumption is also linked to a slightly increased risk.
• Environmental factors:
  • Exposure to ionizing radiation, such as from X-rays or past radiation therapy, can increase the risk.
  • Long-term exposure to certain chemicals, like those found in some pesticides, might also play a role.

While early detection is crucial for managing breast cancer, it’s important to remember that not everyone experiences the same symptoms. Some people may have noticeable changes, while others may not have any symptoms at all.

Here are some potential early signs of breast cancer:

Changes in the breast itself:

• New lump or mass: This is the most common symptom, usually felt as a hard, irregular lump in the breast or underarm. However, not all lumps are cancerous, and benign lumps can also occur.
• Thickening or swelling of part of the breast: This can feel like an abnormal area of tissue that wasn’t there before.
• Change in breast size or shape: One breast may appear larger or more rounded than the other.
• Skin changes:
  • Dimpling or pitting of the skin: Can resemble the skin of an orange.
  • Redness or inflammation of the skin: May be accompanied by warmth or itching.
  • Scaly or flaking skin: Particularly around the nipple.
• Nipple changes:
  • Nipple retraction: The nipple pulling inward.
  • Nipple pain or tenderness: This can occur even without a lump.
  • Nipple discharge: Any discharge other than breast milk, including clear, bloody, or pus-like fluid.

Other possible signs:

• Swollen lymph nodes under the arm or near the collarbone: This can indicate the cancer has spread beyond the breast.
• Unexplained weight loss: Especially if accompanied by other symptoms.

Remember:

• These are just some potential signs, and not everyone with breast cancer will experience all of them.
• Some changes in the breast can be caused by other benign conditions, like menstrual cycle fluctuations or infections.
• Regular self-examinations and mammograms are crucial for early detection.

It’s important to note that having one or even several risk factors does not guarantee a breast cancer diagnosis. Conversely, many women with no known risk factors still develop the disease.

If you notice any changes in your breasts, don’t hesitate to see your doctor right away. Early diagnosis and treatment can significantly improve the chances of successful treatment.